Acids and bases in in detail
IN
THIS ARTICLE ·
THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES. ·
SOME COMMON ACIDS. ·
SOME COMMON BASES. ·
PROPERTIES. ·
RELATED POSTS. |
We frequently use acids and bases in
every aspect of our life. We eat them and drink them and we use them to clean
our bodies. The acids are become mainly use of a person.
THEORIES
OF ACIDS AND BASES
1: Arrhenius concept of acid and bases.
In 1887, a Swedish chemist svante
Arrhenius proposed the first successful theory of acid and bases. According to
this theory
An acid is a substance that ionized
in water to produce H ion and a base is a substance that ionized in water for
form OH ions.
Some common acids
NAME |
FORMULA |
COMMON USE |
HYDROCHOLORIC ACID |
HCL |
CLEANING OF METALS,BRICKS TO CLEAN THE BODY |
NITRIC ACID |
HNO3 |
MANUFACTURE OF FILTILIZERS, EXPLOSIVES. |
SULPHURIC ACID |
H2SO4 |
MANUFACTURE OF MANY CHEMICALS AND DRUGS. |
PHOSPHORIC ACID |
H3PO4 |
MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS,ACIDULANTs OF FOOD. |
SOME COMMON BASES
NAME |
FORMULA |
COMMON
USES |
SODIUM HYDROXIDE |
NaOH |
Soap making,
drain cleaners. |
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE |
KOH |
Making
liquid soap, shaving creams. |
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE |
Ca(OH)2 |
MAKING
MORTARS, PLASTERS, CEMENT. |
MEGNESIUM HYDROXIDE |
Mg(OH)2 |
ANTACID,
TAXTIVE. |
2: THE BRONSTED- LOWERY CONCEPT OF ACID AND BASES
ARRHENIUS THEORY HAS ITS LIMITATIONS.
It applies to aqueous solutions. It does not explain why compounds such as co2,
so4 etc are acids. Why substance like NH3 bases. There is no H
in CO2 and OH IN NH3.
IN 1923 J.N BRONSTED and T.M lowery
independently proposed another theory to overcome the short comings of
Arrhenius theory. This theory is known as bronsted-lowery theory.
According to this theory an acid is a
proton donor and base is a proton accepter.
3: LEWIS CONCEPT/THEORY OF ACIDS AND BASES
Certain substances like SO2,
CO2, and CaO, BF3 etc.benaves as acid or base although
they do not have ability to donate or accept protons. Nature of such substances
cannot be explained Arrhenius theory or bronsted- lowery theory.
In 1923 G.N Lewis prepared an acid base
theory that focus 0n reaction. The concept is more general then either the
Arrhenius theory or the bronsted- Lowry theory.
According to the theory of Lewis”. An
acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate
covalent bond.
A Lewis base is a substance that can
donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate bond.
In a Lewis base – acid reaction a
coordinate covalent bond is formed between the acid and the base.
The Lewis structure demands that the
central atom or atom of Lewis acid has deficiency of an electron pair and can
accommodate an unshared electron pair. On the other hand, the central atom of
Lewis base has complete octet possessing one or more unshared electron pairs.
Hence base has an ability to donate an unshared electron pair.
Simple definition of acid is that
The acids are a group of substances
which have sets of properties in common.
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