Acids and bases in in detail


 Acids and bases in in detail

 

IN THIS ARTICLE

·      THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES.

·      SOME COMMON ACIDS.

·      SOME COMMON BASES.

·      PROPERTIES.

·      RELATED POSTS.

 



We frequently use acids and bases in every aspect of our life. We eat them and drink them and we use them to clean our bodies. The acids are become mainly use of a person.

THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

1: Arrhenius concept of acid and bases.

In 1887, a Swedish chemist svante Arrhenius proposed the first successful theory of acid and bases. According to this theory

An acid is a substance that ionized in water to produce H ion and a base is a substance that ionized in water for form OH ions.

Some common acids

 NAME

FORMULA

COMMON USE

HYDROCHOLORIC ACID

HCL

CLEANING OF METALS,BRICKS TO CLEAN THE BODY

NITRIC ACID

HNO3

MANUFACTURE OF FILTILIZERS, EXPLOSIVES.

SULPHURIC ACID

H2SO4

MANUFACTURE OF MANY CHEMICALS AND DRUGS.

PHOSPHORIC ACID

H3PO4

MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS,ACIDULANTs OF FOOD.

 

SOME COMMON BASES

NAME

FORMULA

COMMON USES

SODIUM HYDROXIDE

NaOH

Soap making, drain cleaners.

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

KOH

Making liquid soap, shaving creams.

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

Ca(OH)2

MAKING MORTARS, PLASTERS, CEMENT.

MEGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

Mg(OH)2

ANTACID, TAXTIVE.

 

2: THE BRONSTED- LOWERY CONCEPT OF ACID AND BASES

ARRHENIUS THEORY HAS ITS LIMITATIONS. It applies to aqueous solutions. It does not explain why compounds such as co2, so4 etc are acids. Why substance like NH3 bases. There is no H in CO2 and OH IN NH3.

IN 1923 J.N BRONSTED and T.M lowery independently proposed another theory to overcome the short comings of Arrhenius theory. This theory is known as bronsted-lowery theory.

According to this theory an acid is a proton donor and base is a proton accepter.

 

3: LEWIS CONCEPT/THEORY OF ACIDS AND BASES

Certain substances like SO2, CO2, and CaO, BF3 etc.benaves as acid or base although they do not have ability to donate or accept protons. Nature of such substances cannot be explained Arrhenius theory or bronsted- lowery theory.

In 1923 G.N Lewis prepared an acid base theory that focus 0n reaction. The concept is more general then either the Arrhenius theory or the bronsted- Lowry theory.

According to the theory of Lewis”. An acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond.

A Lewis base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate bond.

In a Lewis base – acid reaction a coordinate covalent bond is formed between the acid and the base.

 

The Lewis structure demands that the central atom or atom of Lewis acid has deficiency of an electron pair and can accommodate an unshared electron pair. On the other hand, the central atom of Lewis base has complete octet possessing one or more unshared electron pairs. Hence base has an ability to donate an unshared electron pair.

Simple definition of acid is that

The acids are a group of substances which have sets of properties in common.

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