respiration in living organism

 

Respiration in living organisms

 

Respiration: respiration is a process of break down of food into simple glucose to get energy. Cellular respiration is a process of breakdown of C-H bond in food by oxidation reduction reaction and the energy is transformed into ATP.

Organism gets the oxygen, needed for cellular respiration, from their environment and provide it to their cell.

In aerobic respiration oxygen is in use and there is complete oxidation reduction of food material. Cardon dioxide and water are also produced in this process.

Gaseous exchange in humans

In human and other higher animals the exchange of gases is carried out by the respiratory system. We can Devine the respiratory system into two parts I, E.the air passage way and the lungs.

1:the air passage way

The air passage way consist of the parts through which the outside air comes in the lungs and after exchange of gases it goes out. This passage of air consist of the following parts.

The nose encloses the nasal cavity.it opens in an outside through the opening called nostrils. The nasal cavity is divided into two portions by wall .each portion is lined by fine hairs and mucus which filter the air and remove the dust particles from the air. Mucus also moisten and warm the incoming air and keep its temperature nearly equal to that of the body.

The nasal cavity open into the pharynx by means of two small openings called internal nostrils.

Pharynx is a muscular passage and is common to both food and air.it extends to the opening of the oesophagus and the larynx.

We know that glottis is a narrow opening at the floor of the pharynx which leads into the larynx.

The larynx is a box, made of cartilage.it is present between pharynx and trechea.it is also called voice box. Two pairs of fibrous bands called the vocal cord are stretched across the larynx. The voice chord vibrates when air passes through them. The larynx continues to the trachea, which is also called wind pipe.it is a 12 cent metre long tube which lies in front of the oesophagus. There are C-shaped cartilaginous rings in the wall of trachea. The cartilage keeps The trachea from collapsing even when there is no air in it.

On entering the chest cavity,trechea divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi(singular;bronchus).the bronchi also have cartilagenous plates in their walls.each bronchus enters into the lung of its side and divides into smaller branches.

The bronchi continue dividing in the lungs until they makes several fine tubes called bronchioles.the bronchioles progressively lose the cartilage as they become narrower.the bronchioles end as fine tubules called alveolar duct.each alveolar duct open into a cluster of pounches called alveli.the alveoli forms the respiratory surface in human body.each alveolus is a sec-like structure lined by a single layer of cappilaries.

The pulmonary artery from the heart containing,deoxygeneted blodd enters the lungs and branches into arterioles and then into capillaries which surrond the alveoli. These then join together to form the venules which forms pulmonary vein carries the oxygeneted bloob back to the heart.

2:the lungs

All the alveoli on one side consitute a lung.there is a pair of lungs in the thoracic cavity.the chest walls is made of up to 12 pairs of ribs and the ribs muscles called intercostal muscles.a thick muscular structure called diaphragm,is  present below the lungs.

The left lung is slightly smaller and has two lobes and the right lung is bigger with three lobes.there are spongy and elastic organs.the lungs also have blood vessels that are the branches of pulmonary artery and vein.each lungs is enclosed by two membranes called outer pleural membrane,and their inner pleural membrane.the membranes enclosed a fluid which provides lubrication for the free expanding and contracting movements of the lungs.

Gaseous exchange In plant

Plamts have no system or organs for exchange of gases with the environment.every cell of the plant body exchange gases with their environment by their own.

The leaves of young plants have stomota in their epidermis.the gasous exchange occur through these stomata.their inner cellof leaves and stomota also have air space among them,which help in exchange of gases.

Leaf cell face two situations.during the daytime when the mesophyll cells of leaves are carrying out photosynthasis and respiration side by side,the oxygen produced by photosynthasis is utilized in cellular respiration.smillarly the carbondioxide produce during cellular respiration is utilized in photosynthesis.

How ever at night time when there is no photosynthesis occuring the leaves cells get oxygen from the environment and relese cardon dioxide through stomots.

In woody stem and mature roots the entrie surface is covered by barks which is imperivious to gases or water.

However there are certain pores in the layer of bark.these are called lenticels.the lenticels allow air to pass through them.

Gases diffuse in and out of general surface of yongue roots.the gases are found in soil surronding the roots.

The aquatic plants get oxygen from dissolved water and realeses carbon dioxide in the water.

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^{Published to  the biotech centre}